Unhealthy eating habits impose a hidden health cost that exceeds $8 trillion each year, according to a report released by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) on Friday. The organization is calling for “urgent action” to transform global food systems.
The FAO study, which analyzed data from 156 countries, reveals that the total hidden costs associated with global food systems amount to approximately $12 trillion annually. Of this figure, around 70% ($8.1 trillion) is linked to unhealthy dietary patterns associated with alarming rates of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as heart disease, strokes, and diabetes—far exceeding the costs associated with environmental degradation and social inequalities.
Additionally, the report indicates that the hidden costs are primarily related to healthcare expenses, followed by environmental costs, especially in the industrialized food systems of upper-middle-income and high-income countries.
In its analysis of health impacts, the report identifies 13 dietary risk factors, including inadequate consumption of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, along with excessive sodium intake and high consumption of red and processed meats. These factors show notable variations across different food systems.
Historically, food systems have evolved from traditional to industrial models, each producing distinct outcomes and hidden costs. Consequently, the report explores how these hidden costs manifest across various types of food systems globally.
Beyond dietary risks, the environmental impact of unsustainable agricultural practices significantly contributes to the burden of hidden costs. The expenses associated with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, nitrogen runoff, land-use changes, and water pollution are particularly high in countries where food systems are diversifying.
In its recommendations, the FAO seeks to promote healthier diets while providing consumers with clear and accessible information about the environmental, social, and health implications of their food choices. The organization also encourages efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) and nitrogen emissions.
