December 11, 1960, remains a defining moment in Algeria’s fight against French colonial rule. On this day, thousands of Algerians took to the streets in peaceful demonstrations across major cities, responding to the call of the National Liberation Front (FLN). These demonstrations were a bold assertion of the Algerian people’s unwavering demand for self-determination and a resounding rejection of France’s colonial policies, particularly General Charles de Gaulle’s proposed “Algerian Algeria” plan, which sought to keep Algeria tied to France under new terms.
The demonstrations were sparked by de Gaulle’s visit to Algeria on December 9, 1960, during which he promoted his controversial plan. The political landscape at the time was deeply divided among three factions. French settlers, staunchly opposed to de Gaulle, staged protests advocating for “French Algeria.” Meanwhile, supporters of de Gaulle rallied behind his vision of an “Algerian Algeria,” aiming to quell both settler resistance and the independence movement. However, the most decisive force emerged from the Algerian people themselves, who, under the banner of the FLN, categorically rejected both colonial visions. Their rallying cry was clear: “Independent Algeria,” reflecting their demand for full sovereignty.
In the capital, Algiers, the demonstrations gained extraordinary momentum, starting in the neighborhoods of Belcourt (now Belouizdad) and spreading to Bab El Oued, Casbah, and other districts. Protesters carried the Algerian flag and chanted slogans like “Long live Algeria” and “Long live the FLN.” Similar scenes unfolded in cities such as Oran, Constantine, and Blida, as well as smaller towns across the nation. The protests extended for days, concluding on December 16, 1960.
The French colonial authorities responded with brutal force, deploying tanks, machine guns, and tear gas against unarmed civilians. Mass arrests and nighttime raids further escalated the violence. Cemeteries such as El Kettar became scenes of tragic defiance, as mourners paying respects to martyrs were attacked. The death toll was significant, with countless Algerians killed, injured, or imprisoned, but their sacrifices reverberated across the globe.
The international community took notice of the atrocities, with global media highlighting the French government’s repression. On December 12, 1960, Ferhat Abbas, president of the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic, held a press conference in Tunis. He lauded the courage of the Algerian people and reaffirmed their commitment to independence. By December 16, he issued a direct appeal to the nation, celebrating the failure of French colonial policies and emphasizing Algeria’s unshakable resolve.
The December 11 demonstrations were more than a rejection of de Gaulle’s proposals; they were a powerful declaration of Algeria’s unity and determination. The events forced de Gaulle to recognize the futility of his plans and resume negotiations with the FLN as the legitimate representative of the Algerian people. The demonstrations exposed the brutality of colonial rule to the world and dismantled the myth of “French Algeria.”
This pivotal moment in Algeria’s liberation struggle remains a source of immense pride for its people. It stands as a testament to their courage, resilience, and unwavering pursuit of freedom. Decades later, the echoes of December 11, 1960, continue to inspire generations, symbolizing the indomitable spirit of a nation that refused to be silenced or subdued.
